[mod] network: migrate to curl_cffi

39 files changed, 357 insertions, 457 deletions

diff --git a/docs/admin/settings/settings_engines.rst b/docs/admin/settings/settings_engines.rst
index ac85947c3..0688fec25 100644
--- a/docs/admin/settings/settings_engines.rst
+++ b/docs/admin/settings/settings_engines.rst
@@ -58,10 +58,9 @@ engine is shown.  Most of the options have a default value or even are optional.
 
      # overwrite values from section 'outgoing:'
      enable_http2: false
+     enable_http3: false
      retries: 1
      max_connections: 100
-     max_keepalive_connections: 10
-     keepalive_expiry: 5.0
      using_tor_proxy: false
      proxies:
        http:
@@ -163,6 +162,16 @@ engine is shown.  Most of the options have a default value or even are optional.
 ``enable_http`` : optional
   Enable HTTP for this engine (by default only HTTPS is enabled).
 
+``enable_http3`` : optional
+  Use HTTP/3 (falls back to HTTP/2).  Default ``false``.
+  Ignored when a proxy is set.
+
+  .. hint::
+
+     HTTP/3 places demands on the IP infrastructure that are not met in every
+     environment.  Enable this option only if you are aware of these requirements
+     and the extent to which they are met.
+
 ``retry_on_http_error`` : optional
   Retry request on some HTTP status code.
 
@@ -179,20 +188,12 @@ engine is shown.  Most of the options have a default value or even are optional.
   Using tor proxy (``true``) or not (``false``) for this engine.  The default is
   taken from ``using_tor_proxy`` of the :ref:`settings outgoing`.
 
-.. _Pool limit configuration: https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#pool-limit-configuration
-
-``max_keepalive_connection#s`` :
-  `Pool limit configuration`_, overwrites value ``pool_maxsize`` from
-   :ref:`settings outgoing` for this engine.
+.. _Pool limit configuration: https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#sessions
 
 ``max_connections`` :
   `Pool limit configuration`_, overwrites value ``pool_connections`` from
   :ref:`settings outgoing` for this engine.
 
-``keepalive_expiry`` :
-  `Pool limit configuration`_, overwrites value ``keepalive_expiry`` from
-  :ref:`settings outgoing` for this engine.
-
 
 .. _private engines:
 
diff --git a/docs/admin/settings/settings_outgoing.rst b/docs/admin/settings/settings_outgoing.rst
index 1896698ce..0e434c7a3 100644
--- a/docs/admin/settings/settings_outgoing.rst
+++ b/docs/admin/settings/settings_outgoing.rst
@@ -12,20 +12,12 @@ Communication with search engines.
      request_timeout: 2.0       # default timeout in seconds, can be override by engine
      max_request_timeout: 10.0  # the maximum timeout in seconds
      useragent_suffix: ""       # information like an email address to the administrator
-     pool_connections: 100      # Maximum number of allowable connections, or null
-                                # for no limits. The default is 100.
-     pool_maxsize: 10           # Number of allowable keep-alive connections, or null
-                                # to always allow. The default is 10.
-     enable_http2: true         # See https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/
+     pool_connections: 100      # Maximum number of concurrent connections (default: 100)
+     enable_http2: true         # Enables the use of HTTP2
      # uncomment below section if you want to use a custom server certificate
-     # see https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#changing-the-verification-defaults
-     # and https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/#ssl-configuration
      #  verify: ~/.mitmproxy/mitmproxy-ca-cert.cer
      #
-     # uncomment below section if you want to use a proxyq see: SOCKS proxies
-     #   https://2.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#proxies
-     # are also supported: see
-     #   https://2.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#socks
+     # uncomment below section if you want to use a proxy
      #
      #  proxies:
      #    all://:
@@ -46,30 +38,26 @@ Communication with search engines.
   timeout to load).  Can be override by ``timeout`` in the :ref:`settings engines`.
 
 ``useragent_suffix`` :
-  Suffix to the user-agent SearXNG uses to send requests to others engines.  If an
-  engine wish to block you, a contact info here may be useful to avoid that.
+  Suffix to add when an engine's User-Agent is set via searxng_useragent().
+  Contact info here may be useful to avoid an engine blocking you.
 
-.. _Pool limit configuration: https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#pool-limit-configuration
-
-``pool_maxsize``:
-  Number of allowable keep-alive connections, or ``null`` to always allow.  The
-  default is 10.  See ``max_keepalive_connections`` `Pool limit configuration`_.
+.. _Pool limit configuration: https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#sessions
 
 ``pool_connections`` :
-  Maximum number of allowable connections, or ``null`` # for no limits.  The
-  default is 100.  See ``max_connections`` `Pool limit configuration`_.
-
-``keepalive_expiry`` :
-  Number of seconds to keep a connection in the pool.  By default 5.0 seconds.
-  See ``keepalive_expiry`` `Pool limit configuration`_.
+  Maximum number of concurrent connections.  The default is 100.
+  See ``max_clients`` `Pool limit configuration`_.
 
-.. _httpx proxies: https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#http-proxying
+.. _curl_cffi proxies: https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quick_start.html
 
 ``proxies`` :
-  Define one or more proxies you wish to use, see `httpx proxies`_.
+  Define one or more proxies you wish to use, see `curl_cffi proxies`_.
   If there are more than one proxy for one protocol (http, https),
   requests to the engines are distributed in a round-robin fashion.
 
+  HTTP, HTTPS, SOCKS4, SOCKS5 and SOCKS5h proxies are supported
+  (``http://``, ``https://``, ``socks4://``, ``socks5://``, ``socks5h://``). You should
+  use ``socks5h://`` when using Tor so hostnames are resolved by the proxy.
+
 ``source_ips`` :
   If you use multiple network interfaces, define from which IP the requests must
   be made. Example:
@@ -87,18 +75,15 @@ Communication with search engines.
   different proxy and source ip.
 
 ``enable_http2`` :
-  Enable by default. Set to ``false`` to disable HTTP/2.
-
-.. _httpx verification defaults: https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#changing-the-verification-defaults
-.. _httpx ssl configuration: https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/#ssl-configuration
+  Enable by default (HTTP/2).  Set to ``false`` to force HTTP/1.1.
+  HTTP/3 is opt-in per engine (``enable_http3``).
 
 ``verify``: : ``$SSL_CERT_FILE``, ``$SSL_CERT_DIR``
-  Allow to specify a path to certificate.
-  see `httpx verification defaults`_.
+  HTTPS verification uses the OS's trust store by default.
+  Set a path to use a custom CA file.
 
   In addition to ``verify``, SearXNG supports the ``$SSL_CERT_FILE`` (for a file) and
   ``$SSL_CERT_DIR`` (for a directory) OpenSSL variables.
-  see `httpx ssl configuration`_.
 
 ``max_redirects`` :
   30 by default. Maximum redirect before it is an error.
diff --git a/docs/dev/engines/engine_overview.rst b/docs/dev/engines/engine_overview.rst
index 8df18e08c..423249edc 100644
--- a/docs/dev/engines/engine_overview.rst
+++ b/docs/dev/engines/engine_overview.rst
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ parameters with default value can be redefined for special purposes.
    data                   dict           ``{}``
    cookies                dict           ``{}``
    verify                 bool           ``True``
-   headers.User-Agent     str            a random User-Agent
+   headers.User-Agent     str            ``''``
    category               str            current category, like ``'general'``
    safesearch             int            ``0``, between ``0`` and ``2`` (normal, moderate, strict)
    time_range             Optional[str]  ``None``, can be ``day``, ``week``, ``month``, ``year``
@@ -229,6 +229,8 @@ following parameters can be used to specify a search request:
    max_redirects       int         maximum redirects, hard limit
    soft_max_redirects  int         maximum redirects, soft limit. Record an error but don't stop the engine
    raise_for_httperror bool        True by default: raise an exception if the HTTP code of response is >= 300
+   impersonate         str         curl_cffi impersonate target (default: chrome, none to disable)
+   curl_options        dict        Any extra libcurl options for the request
    =================== =========== ==========================================================================
 
 
diff --git a/docs/dev/reST.rst b/docs/dev/reST.rst
index d3138a851..b4c32c8be 100644
--- a/docs/dev/reST.rst
+++ b/docs/dev/reST.rst
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ content becomes smart.
    files & folders origin     :origin:`docs/dev/reST.rst`        ``:origin:`docs/dev/reST.rst```
    pull request               :pull:`4`                          ``:pull:`4```
    patch                      :patch:`af2cae6`                   ``:patch:`af2cae6```
-   PyPi package               :pypi:`httpx`                      ``:pypi:`httpx```
+   PyPi package               :pypi:`curl_cffi`                  ``:pypi:`curl_cffi```
    manual page man            :man:`bash`                        ``:man:`bash```
    intersphinx_
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 33d40a0b4..f7edd65e9 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ lxml==6.1.2
 pygments==2.21.0
 python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
 pyyaml==6.0.3
-httpx[http2]==0.28.1
-httpx-socks[asyncio]==0.13.1
-sniffio==1.3.1
+curl_cffi==0.16.1
 valkey==6.1.1
 markdown-it-py==4.2.0
 msgspec==0.21.1
diff --git a/searx/autocomplete.py b/searx/autocomplete.py
index 6610f8cb7..12c70e323 100644
--- a/searx/autocomplete.py
+++ b/searx/autocomplete.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 import lxml.etree
 import lxml.html
-from httpx import HTTPError
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
 
 from searx import settings
 from searx.engines import (
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def bing(query: str, _sxng_locale: str) -> list[str]:
     base_url = "https://www.bing.com/AS/Suggestions?"
     # cvid has to be a 32 character long string consisting of numbers and uppsercase characters
     cvid = ''.join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits, k=32))
-    response = get(base_url + urlencode({'qry': query, 'csr': 1, 'cvid': cvid}))
+    response = get(base_url + urlencode({'qry': query, 'csr': 1, 'cvid': cvid}), enable_http3=True)
     results: list[str] = []
 
     if response.ok:
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def brave(query: str, _sxng_locale: str) -> list[str]:
     url = 'https://search.brave.com/api/suggest?'
     url += urlencode({'q': query})
     country = 'all'
-    kwargs = {'cookies': {'country': country}}
+    kwargs = {'cookies': {'country': country}, 'enable_http3': True}
     resp = get(url, **kwargs)
     results: list[str] = []
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def google_complete(query: str, sxng_locale: str) -> list[str]:
     )
     results: list[str] = []
 
-    resp = get('https://www.google.com/complete/search?' + args)
+    resp = get('https://www.google.com/complete/search?' + args, enable_http3=True)
     if resp and resp.ok:
         json_txt = resp.text[resp.text.find('[') : resp.text.find(']', -3) + 1]
         data = json.loads(json_txt)
@@ -418,5 +418,5 @@ def search_autocomplete(backend_name: str, query: str, sxng_locale: str) -> list
         return []
     try:
         return backend(query, sxng_locale)
-    except (HTTPError, SearxEngineResponseException):
+    except (RequestException, SearxEngineResponseException):
         return []
diff --git a/searx/data/tracker_patterns.py b/searx/data/tracker_patterns.py
index 900f7e84c..0802fa995 100644
--- a/searx/data/tracker_patterns.py
+++ b/searx/data/tracker_patterns.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import re
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, parse_qsl, urlencode
 
-from httpx import HTTPError
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
 
 from searx.data.core import get_cache, log
 from searx.network import get as http_get
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class TrackerPatternsDB:
             try:
                 resp = http_get(url, timeout=3)
 
-            except HTTPError as exc:
-                log.warning("TRACKER_PATTERNS: HTTPError (%s) occured while fetching %s", url, exc)
+            except RequestException as exc:
+                log.warning("TRACKER_PATTERNS: RequestException while fetching %s: %s", url, exc)
                 continue
 
             if resp.status_code != 200:
diff --git a/searx/enginelib/__init__.py b/searx/enginelib/__init__.py
index 481a91718..1a7e4ef8c 100644
--- a/searx/enginelib/__init__.py
+++ b/searx/enginelib/__init__.py
@@ -317,6 +317,9 @@ class Engine(abc.ABC):  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
     enable_http: bool
     """Enable HTTP (by default only HTTPS is enabled)."""
 
+    enable_http3: bool = False
+    """Enables the use of HTTP/3 if available"""
+
     shortcut: str
     """Code used to execute bang requests (``!foo``)"""
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/__builtins__.pyi b/searx/engines/__builtins__.pyi
index ff3cfda0b..30a39bed7 100644
--- a/searx/engines/__builtins__.pyi
+++ b/searx/engines/__builtins__.pyi
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ categories: list[str]
 disabled: bool
 display_error_messages: bool
 enable_http: bool
+enable_http3: bool
 engine_type: str
 inactive: bool
 max_page: int
diff --git a/searx/engines/bing.py b/searx/engines/bing.py
index 10390a6d4..6f3b6e047 100644
--- a/searx/engines/bing.py
+++ b/searx/engines/bing.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ about: dict[str, t.Any] = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ["general", "web"]
 safesearch = True
+enable_http3 = True
 _safesearch_map: dict[int, str] = {
     0: "off",
     1: "moderate",
diff --git a/searx/engines/bing_images.py b/searx/engines/bing_images.py
index 078a18733..0f32f2c7a 100644
--- a/searx/engines/bing_images.py
+++ b/searx/engines/bing_images.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ["images", "web"]
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 safesearch = True
 time_range_support = True
 time_map = {
diff --git a/searx/engines/bing_news.py b/searx/engines/bing_news.py
index 0e93af83e..44fb05e9f 100644
--- a/searx/engines/bing_news.py
+++ b/searx/engines/bing_news.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ categories = ["news"]
 paging = True
 """If go through the pages and there are actually no new results for another
 page, then bing returns the results from the last page again."""
+enable_http3 = True
 
 time_range_support = True
 time_map = {
diff --git a/searx/engines/bing_videos.py b/searx/engines/bing_videos.py
index 2ad53baeb..297c6b8fa 100644
--- a/searx/engines/bing_videos.py
+++ b/searx/engines/bing_videos.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ["videos", "web"]
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 safesearch = True
 time_range_support = True
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/brave.py b/searx/engines/brave.py
index d20494e17..de0a108b0 100644
--- a/searx/engines/brave.py
+++ b/searx/engines/brave.py
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ about = {
 
 base_url = "https://search.brave.com/"
 categories = []
+enable_http3 = True
 brave_category: t.Literal["search", "videos", "images", "news", "goggles"] = "search"
 """Brave supports common web-search, videos, images, news, and goggles search.
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/duckduckgo_extra.py b/searx/engines/duckduckgo_extra.py
index 194b5deb9..1c1fb1f30 100644
--- a/searx/engines/duckduckgo_extra.py
+++ b/searx/engines/duckduckgo_extra.py
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ def request(query: str, params: "OnlineParams") -> None:
     # The vqd value is generated from the query and the UA header. To be able to
     # reuse the vqd value, the UA header must be static.
     headers["User-Agent"] = _HTTP_User_Agent
+    params["impersonate"] = "none"
     vqd = get_vqd(query=query, params=params) or fetch_vqd(query=query, params=params)
 
     headers["Accept"] = "*/*"
diff --git a/searx/engines/google.py b/searx/engines/google.py
index dfef6593e..ea3bf170a 100644
--- a/searx/engines/google.py
+++ b/searx/engines/google.py
@@ -327,6 +327,7 @@ def google_request(
 
     params["url"] = f"https://www.google.com/wml/search?{urlencode(args)}"
     params["headers"]["User-Agent"] = random.choice(nokia_useragents)
+    params["impersonate"] = "chrome99_android"
 
 
 def request(query: str, params: "OnlineParams") -> None:
diff --git a/searx/engines/google_cse.py b/searx/engines/google_cse.py
index 832fc699a..0a2149366 100644
--- a/searx/engines/google_cse.py
+++ b/searx/engines/google_cse.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ about = {
 
 categories = ["general", "web"]
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 max_page = 5
 page_size = 20
 time_range_support = True
diff --git a/searx/engines/google_images.py b/searx/engines/google_images.py
index 6ef367aa9..fda440b62 100644
--- a/searx/engines/google_images.py
+++ b/searx/engines/google_images.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ["images", "web"]
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 max_page = 50
 """Google supports up to 50 pages of results, see the `Google max_page discussion`_.
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/google_play.py b/searx/engines/google_play.py
index 2636ed659..53712b333 100644
--- a/searx/engines/google_play.py
+++ b/searx/engines/google_play.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ about = {
 }
 
 play_categ = None  # apps|movies
+enable_http3 = True
 base_url = 'https://play.google.com'
 search_url = base_url + "/store/search?{query}&c={play_categ}"
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/google_scholar.py b/searx/engines/google_scholar.py
index 706291da7..3563656f4 100644
--- a/searx/engines/google_scholar.py
+++ b/searx/engines/google_scholar.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import typing as t
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from datetime import datetime
 from lxml import html
-import httpx
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import TooManyRedirects
 
 from searx.utils import (
     eval_xpath,
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ["science", "scientific publications"]
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 max_page = 50
 """`Google max 50 pages`_
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ def response(resp: "SXNG_Response") -> EngineResults:  # pylint: disable=too-man
             raise SearxEngineAccessDeniedException(
                 message="google_scholar: unusual traffic detected",
             )
-        raise httpx.TooManyRedirects(f"location {resp.headers['Location'].split('?')[0]}")
+        raise TooManyRedirects(f"location {resp.headers['Location'].split('?')[0]}")
 
     res = EngineResults()
     dom = html.fromstring(resp.text)
diff --git a/searx/engines/yacy.py b/searx/engines/yacy.py
index 4686c8be6..3e6be2cd8 100644
--- a/searx/engines/yacy.py
+++ b/searx/engines/yacy.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ from json import loads
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from dateutil import parser
 
-from httpx import DigestAuth
+from curl_cffi import CurlOpt
 
 from searx.utils import html_to_text
 
@@ -141,7 +141,10 @@ def request(query, params):
     params["url"] = f"{_base_url()}/yacysearch.json?{urlencode(args)}"
 
     if http_digest_auth_user and http_digest_auth_pass:
-        params['auth'] = DigestAuth(http_digest_auth_user, http_digest_auth_pass)
+        params['curl_options'] = {
+            CurlOpt.HTTPAUTH: 2,  # CURLAUTH_DIGEST
+            CurlOpt.USERPWD: f"{http_digest_auth_user}:{http_digest_auth_pass}",
+        }
 
     return params
 
diff --git a/searx/engines/yandex.py b/searx/engines/yandex.py
index 5e963475b..5b362a0b8 100644
--- a/searx/engines/yandex.py
+++ b/searx/engines/yandex.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ about = {
 # Engine configuration
 categories = []
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 search_type = ""
 
 # Search URL
diff --git a/searx/engines/youtube_api.py b/searx/engines/youtube_api.py
index ebecd5432..190410b67 100644
--- a/searx/engines/youtube_api.py
+++ b/searx/engines/youtube_api.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['videos', 'music']
 paging = False
+enable_http3 = True
 api_key = None
 
 # search-url
diff --git a/searx/engines/youtube_noapi.py b/searx/engines/youtube_noapi.py
index 51372397c..0d22a0af6 100644
--- a/searx/engines/youtube_noapi.py
+++ b/searx/engines/youtube_noapi.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ about = {
 # engine dependent config
 categories = ['videos', 'music']
 paging = True
+enable_http3 = True
 language_support = False
 time_range_support = True
 
diff --git a/searx/extended_types.py b/searx/extended_types.py
index e30e46536..b13649016 100644
--- a/searx/extended_types.py
+++ b/searx/extended_types.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 - :py:obj:`flask.request` is replaced by :py:obj:`sxng_request`
 - :py:obj:`flask.Request` is replaced by :py:obj:`SXNG_Request`
-- :py:obj:`httpx.response` is replaced by :py:obj:`SXNG_Response`
+- :py:obj:`curl_cffi.requests.Response` is replaced by :py:obj:`SXNG_Response`
 
 ----
 
@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@
 __all__ = ["SXNG_Request", "sxng_request", "SXNG_Response"]
 
 import typing
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
+
 import flask
-import httpx
+from curl_cffi.requests import Response as CurlResponse
 
 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
     import searx.preferences
@@ -69,18 +71,37 @@ class SXNG_Request(flask.Request):
 sxng_request = typing.cast(SXNG_Request, flask.request)
 
 
-class SXNG_Response(httpx.Response):
-    """SearXNG extends the class :py:obj:`httpx.Response` with properties from
-    *this* class (type cast of :py:obj:`httpx.Response`).
+class SXNG_URL(str):
+    """String URL"""
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str | None:
+        return urlsplit(self).hostname
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str:
+        return urlsplit(self).path
+
+
+class SXNG_Response(CurlResponse):
+    """SearXNG extends :py:obj:`curl_cffi.requests.Response` with properties from
+    *this* class (type cast of the curl_cffi response).
 
     .. code:: python
 
-       response = httpx.get("https://example.org")
        response = typing.cast(SXNG_Response, response)
        if response.ok:
           ...
        query_was = search_params["query"]
     """
 
-    ok: bool
     search_params: "OnlineParamTypes | OnlineDictParams | OnlineCurrenciesParams"
+    _url: str = ""
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> SXNG_URL:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return SXNG_URL(self._url)
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self._url = str(value or "")
diff --git a/searx/favicons/proxy.py b/searx/favicons/proxy.py
index 1346d19b0..f62fcf61f 100644
--- a/searx/favicons/proxy.py
+++ b/searx/favicons/proxy.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import pathlib
 import urllib.parse
 
 import flask
-from httpx import HTTPError
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
 import msgspec
 
 from searx import get_setting
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def search_favicon(resolver: str, authority: str) -> tuple[None | bytes, None |
         if data is None or mime is None:
             data, mime = (None, None)
 
-    except (HTTPError, SearxEngineResponseException):
+    except (RequestException, SearxEngineResponseException):
         pass
 
     cache.CACHE.set(resolver, authority, mime, data)
diff --git a/searx/metrics/error_recorder.py b/searx/metrics/error_recorder.py
index c0666383d..d89aed1ce 100644
--- a/searx/metrics/error_recorder.py
+++ b/searx/metrics/error_recorder.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import typing as t
 import inspect
 from json import JSONDecodeError
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
-from httpx import HTTPError, HTTPStatusError
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import HTTPError, RequestException
 from searx.exceptions import (
     SearxXPathSyntaxException,
     SearxEngineXPathException,
@@ -100,32 +100,22 @@ def get_trace(traces):
     return traces[-1]
 
 
-def get_hostname(exc: HTTPError) -> str | None:
-    url = exc.request.url
-    if url is None and exc.response is not None:
-        url = exc.response.url
-    return urlparse(url).netloc
+def get_hostname(exc: RequestException) -> str | None:
+    url = getattr(getattr(exc, "request", None), "url", None)
+    if url is None:
+        url = getattr(getattr(exc, "response", None), "url", None)
+    return urlparse(str(url)).netloc if url else None
 
 
 def get_request_exception_messages(
-    exc: HTTPError,
+    exc: RequestException,
 ) -> tuple[str | None, str | None, str | None]:
-    url = None
-    status_code = None
-    reason = None
-    hostname = None
-    if hasattr(exc, '_request') and exc._request is not None:  # pylint: disable=protected-access
-        # exc.request is property that raise an RuntimeException
-        # if exc._request is not defined.
-        url = exc.request.url
-    if url is None and hasattr(exc, 'response') and exc.response is not None:
-        url = exc.response.url
-    if url is not None:
-        hostname = url.host
-    if isinstance(exc, HTTPStatusError):
-        status_code = str(exc.response.status_code)
-        reason = exc.response.reason_phrase
-    return (status_code, reason, hostname)
+    response = getattr(exc, "response", None)
+    status_code = reason = None
+    if isinstance(exc, HTTPError) and response is not None:
+        status_code = str(response.status_code)
+        reason = response.reason
+    return (status_code, reason, get_hostname(exc))
 
 
 def get_messages(exc, filename) -> tuple[str, ...]:  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ def get_messages(exc, filename) -> tuple[str, ...]:  # pylint: disable=too-many-
         return (str(exc),)
     if isinstance(exc, ValueError) and 'lxml' in filename:
         return (str(exc),)
-    if isinstance(exc, HTTPError):
+    if isinstance(exc, RequestException):
         return get_request_exception_messages(exc)
     if isinstance(exc, SearxXPathSyntaxException):
         return (exc.xpath_str, exc.message)
diff --git a/searx/network/__init__.py b/searx/network/__init__.py
index 3a3b93d08..2257bcd31 100644
--- a/searx/network/__init__.py
+++ b/searx/network/__init__.py
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ from timeit import default_timer
 from collections.abc import Iterable
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
-import httpx
-import anyio
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import StreamConsumedError, Timeout
 
 from searx.extended_types import SXNG_Response
 from .network import get_network, initialize, check_network_configuration  # pylint:disable=cyclic-import
@@ -74,7 +73,6 @@ def _get_timeout(start_time: float, kwargs: t.Any) -> float:
     # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
 
     timeout: float | None
-    # timeout (httpx)
     if 'timeout' in kwargs:
         timeout = kwargs['timeout']
     else:
@@ -105,10 +103,10 @@ def request(method: str, url: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> SXNG_Response:
         try:
             return future.result(timeout)
         except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError as e:
-            raise httpx.TimeoutException('Timeout', request=None) from e
+            raise Timeout('Timeout') from e
 
 
-def multi_requests(request_list: list["Request"]) -> list[httpx.Response | Exception]:
+def multi_requests(request_list: list["Request"]) -> list[SXNG_Response | Exception]:
     """send multiple HTTP requests in parallel. Wait for all requests to finish."""
     with _record_http_time() as start_time:
         # send the requests
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ def multi_requests(request_list: list["Request"]) -> list[httpx.Response | Excep
             try:
                 responses.append(future.result(timeout))
             except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
-                responses.append(httpx.TimeoutException('Timeout', request=None))
+                responses.append(Timeout('Timeout'))
             except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
                 responses.append(e)
         return responses
@@ -205,14 +203,12 @@ async def stream_chunk_to_queue(network, queue, method: str, url: str, **kwargs:
     try:
         async with await network.stream(method, url, **kwargs) as response:
             queue.put(response)
-            # aiter_raw: access the raw bytes on the response without applying any HTTP content decoding
-            # https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/#streaming-responses
-            async for chunk in response.aiter_raw(65536):
+            async for chunk in response.aiter_content():
                 if len(chunk) > 0:
                     queue.put(chunk)
-    except (httpx.StreamClosed, anyio.ClosedResourceError):
+    except StreamConsumedError:
         # the response was queued before the exception.
-        # the exception was raised on aiter_raw.
+        # the exception was raised on aiter_content.
         # we do nothing here: in the finally block, None will be queued
         # so stream(method, url, **kwargs) generator can stop
         pass
@@ -246,22 +242,19 @@ def _close_response_method(self):
     asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(self.aclose(), get_loop())
     # reach the end of _self.generator ( _stream_generator ) to an avoid memory leak.
     # it makes sure that :
-    # * the httpx response is closed (see the stream_chunk_to_queue function)
+    # * the curl_cffi response is closed (see the stream_chunk_to_queue function)
     # * to call future.result() in _stream_generator
     for _ in self._generator:  # pylint: disable=protected-access
         continue
 
 
 def stream(method: str, url: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> tuple[SXNG_Response, Iterable[bytes]]:
-    """Replace httpx.stream.
+    """Stream for the image proxy.
 
     Usage:
-    response, stream = poolrequests.stream(...)
+    response, stream = searx.network.stream(...)
     for chunk in stream:
         ...
-
-    httpx.Client.stream requires to write the httpx.HTTPTransport version of the
-    the httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport declared above.
     """
     generator = _stream_generator(method, url, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/searx/network/client.py b/searx/network/client.py
index 4019e907c..9e6d213be 100644
--- a/searx/network/client.py
+++ b/searx/network/client.py
@@ -2,207 +2,114 @@
 # pylint: disable=missing-module-docstring, global-statement
 
 import typing as t
-from types import TracebackType
 
 import asyncio
 import logging
-import random
-from ssl import SSLContext
+import os
 import threading
 
-import httpx
-from httpx_socks import AsyncProxyTransport
-from python_socks import parse_proxy_url, ProxyConnectionError, ProxyTimeoutError, ProxyError
+from curl_cffi import AsyncSession, CurlHttpVersion, CurlOpt
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import InvalidSchema, RequestException
 
-from searx import logger
+from searx.extended_types import SXNG_Response
 
-CertTypes = str | tuple[str, str] | tuple[str, str, str]
-SslContextKeyType = tuple[str | None, CertTypes | None, bool, bool]
-
-logger = logger.getChild('searx.network.client')
 LOOP: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop = None  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
 
-SSLCONTEXTS: dict[SslContextKeyType, SSLContext] = {}
-
-
-def shuffle_ciphers(ssl_context: SSLContext):
-    """Shuffle httpx's default ciphers of a SSL context randomly.
-
-    From `What Is TLS Fingerprint and How to Bypass It`_
-
-    > When implementing TLS fingerprinting, servers can't operate based on a
-    > locked-in whitelist database of fingerprints.  New fingerprints appear
-    > when web clients or TLS libraries release new versions. So, they have to
-    > live off a blocklist database instead.
-    > ...
-    > It's safe to leave the first three as is but shuffle the remaining ciphers
-    > and you can bypass the TLS fingerprint check.
-
-    .. _What Is TLS Fingerprint and How to Bypass It:
-       https://www.zenrows.com/blog/what-is-tls-fingerprint#how-to-bypass-tls-fingerprinting
-
-    """
-    c_list = [cipher["name"] for cipher in ssl_context.get_ciphers()]
-    sc_list, c_list = c_list[:3], c_list[3:]
-    random.shuffle(c_list)
-    ssl_context.set_ciphers(":".join(sc_list + c_list))
-
+# chrome is used by default
+DEFAULT_IMPERSONATE = "chrome"
+NO_IMPERSONATE = "none"
 
-def get_sslcontexts(
-    proxy_url: str | None = None, cert: CertTypes | None = None, verify: bool = True, trust_env: bool = True
-) -> SSLContext:
-    key: SslContextKeyType = (proxy_url, cert, verify, trust_env)
-    if key not in SSLCONTEXTS:
-        SSLCONTEXTS[key] = httpx.create_ssl_context(verify, cert, trust_env)
-    shuffle_ciphers(SSLCONTEXTS[key])
-    return SSLCONTEXTS[key]
 
+class AsyncClient(AsyncSession):
+    """:class:`curl_cffi.AsyncSession` with ``aclose`` / ``is_closed``."""
 
-class AsyncHTTPTransportNoHttp(httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport):
-    """Block HTTP request
+    def __init__(self, enable_http: bool, **kwargs: t.Any):
+        self.enable_http = enable_http
+        self._closed = False
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
-    The constructor is blank because httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport.__init__ creates an SSLContext unconditionally:
-    https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/0f61aa58d66680c239ce43c8cdd453e7dc532bfc/httpx/_transports/default.py#L271
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._closed
 
-    Each SSLContext consumes more than 500kb of memory, since there is about one network per engine.
-
-    In consequence, this class overrides all public methods
-
-    For reference: https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2298
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
-        # pylint: disable=super-init-not-called
-        # this on purpose if the base class is not called
-        pass
-
-    async def handle_async_request(self, request: httpx.Request):
-        raise httpx.UnsupportedProtocol('HTTP protocol is disabled')
+    def check_url(self, url: str) -> None:
+        if not self.enable_http and str(url).startswith("http://"):
+            raise InvalidSchema("HTTP protocol is disabled")
 
     async def aclose(self) -> None:
-        pass
-
-    async def __aenter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    async def __aexit__(
-        self,
-        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
-        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
-        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        pass
-
-
-class AsyncProxyTransportFixed(AsyncProxyTransport):
-    """Fix httpx_socks.AsyncProxyTransport
+        if self._closed:
+            return
+        self._closed = True
+        try:
+            await self.close()
+        except RequestException:
+            pass
 
-    Map python_socks exceptions to httpx.ProxyError exceptions
-    """
 
-    async def handle_async_request(self, request: httpx.Request):
-        try:
-            return await super().handle_async_request(request)
-        except ProxyConnectionError as e:
-            raise httpx.ProxyError("ProxyConnectionError: " + str(e.strerror), request=request) from e
-        except ProxyTimeoutError as e:
-            raise httpx.ProxyError("ProxyTimeoutError: " + str(e.args[0]), request=request) from e
-        except ProxyError as e:
-            raise httpx.ProxyError("ProxyError: " + str(e.args[0]), request=request) from e
-
-
-def get_transport_for_socks_proxy(
-    verify: bool, http2: bool, local_address: str, proxy_url: str, limit: httpx.Limits, retries: int
-):
-    # support socks5h (requests compatibility):
-    # https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/user/advanced/#socks
-    # socks5://   hostname is resolved on client side
-    # socks5h://  hostname is resolved on proxy side
-    rdns = False
-    socks5h = 'socks5h://'
-    if proxy_url.startswith(socks5h):
-        proxy_url = 'socks5://' + proxy_url[len(socks5h) :]
-        rdns = True
-
-    proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_username, proxy_password = parse_proxy_url(proxy_url)
-    _verify = get_sslcontexts(proxy_url, None, verify, True) if verify is True else verify
-    return AsyncProxyTransportFixed(
-        proxy_type=proxy_type,
-        proxy_host=proxy_host,
-        proxy_port=proxy_port,
-        username=proxy_username,
-        password=proxy_password,
-        rdns=rdns,
-        verify=_verify,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
-        http2=http2,
-        local_address=local_address,
-        limits=limit,
-        retries=retries,
-    )
-
-
-def get_transport(
-    verify: bool, http2: bool, local_address: str, proxy_url: str | None, limit: httpx.Limits, retries: int
-):
-    _verify = get_sslcontexts(None, None, verify, True) if verify is True else verify
-    return httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport(
-        # pylint: disable=protected-access
-        verify=_verify,
-        http2=http2,
-        limits=limit,
-        proxy=httpx._config.Proxy(proxy_url) if proxy_url else None,  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
-        local_address=local_address,
-        retries=retries,
-    )
+def _proxy_kwargs(proxies: dict[str, str], enable_http: bool) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+    """Map settings.yml proxy keys (``all://``, ``https://``) to curl_cffi."""
+    mapped: dict[str, str] = {}
+    all_proxy: str | None = None
+    for pattern, proxy_url in proxies.items():
+        if not enable_http and pattern.startswith("http://"):
+            continue
+        if pattern.startswith("https"):
+            mapped["https"] = proxy_url
+        elif pattern.startswith("http"):
+            mapped["http"] = proxy_url
+        else:
+            all_proxy = proxy_url
+    if all_proxy:
+        return {"proxy": all_proxy}
+    if mapped:
+        return {"proxies": mapped}
+    return {}
 
 
 def new_client(
     # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
     enable_http: bool,
-    verify: bool,
+    verify: bool | str,
     enable_http2: bool,
+    enable_http3: bool,
     max_connections: int,
-    max_keepalive_connections: int,
-    keepalive_expiry: float,
     proxies: dict[str, str],
-    local_address: str,
-    retries: int,
+    local_address: str | None,
     max_redirects: int,
-    hook_log_response: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None,
-) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
-    limit = httpx.Limits(
-        max_connections=max_connections,
-        max_keepalive_connections=max_keepalive_connections,
-        keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
-    )
-    # See https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#routing
-    mounts = {}
-    mounts: None | (dict[str, t.Any | None]) = {}
-    for pattern, proxy_url in proxies.items():
-        if not enable_http and pattern.startswith('http://'):
-            continue
-        if proxy_url.startswith('socks4://') or proxy_url.startswith('socks5://') or proxy_url.startswith('socks5h://'):
-            mounts[pattern] = get_transport_for_socks_proxy(
-                verify, enable_http2, local_address, proxy_url, limit, retries
-            )
-        else:
-            mounts[pattern] = get_transport(verify, enable_http2, local_address, proxy_url, limit, retries)
-
-    if not enable_http:
-        mounts['http://'] = AsyncHTTPTransportNoHttp()
-
-    transport = get_transport(verify, enable_http2, local_address, None, limit, retries)
-
-    event_hooks = None
-    if hook_log_response:
-        event_hooks = {'response': [hook_log_response]}
-
-    return httpx.AsyncClient(
-        transport=transport,
-        mounts=mounts,
-        max_redirects=max_redirects,
-        event_hooks=event_hooks,
-    )
+    impersonate: str = DEFAULT_IMPERSONATE,
+    curl_options: dict[int, t.Any] | None = None,
+) -> AsyncClient:
+    extra_curl = dict(curl_options or {})
+    cert_file = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE")
+    if cert_file:
+        extra_curl.setdefault(CurlOpt.CAINFO, cert_file)
+    cert_dir = os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_DIR")
+    if cert_dir:
+        extra_curl.setdefault(CurlOpt.CAPATH, cert_dir)
+    use_impersonate = impersonate not in ("", NO_IMPERSONATE)
+    kwargs: dict[str, t.Any] = {
+        "enable_http": enable_http,
+        "verify": verify,
+        "max_redirects": max_redirects,
+        "max_clients": max_connections or 10,
+        "response_class": SXNG_Response,
+        "discard_cookies": True,
+        **_proxy_kwargs(proxies, enable_http),
+    }
+    if use_impersonate:
+        kwargs["impersonate"] = impersonate
+        kwargs["default_headers"] = True
+    if local_address:
+        kwargs["interface"] = local_address
+    if not enable_http2:
+        kwargs["http_version"] = CurlHttpVersion.V1_1
+    elif enable_http3 and not proxies:
+        kwargs["http_version"] = CurlHttpVersion.V3
+    else:
+        kwargs["http_version"] = CurlHttpVersion.V2_0
+    if extra_curl:
+        kwargs["curl_options"] = extra_curl
+    return AsyncClient(**kwargs)
 
 
 def get_loop() -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
@@ -210,30 +117,18 @@ def get_loop() -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
 
 
 def init():
-    # log
-    for logger_name in (
-        'httpx',
-        'httpcore.proxy',
-        'httpcore.connection',
-        'httpcore.http11',
-        'httpcore.http2',
-        'hpack.hpack',
-        'hpack.table',
-    ):
-        logging.getLogger(logger_name).setLevel(logging.WARNING)
-
-    # loop
+    logging.getLogger("curl_cffi").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
+
+    ready = threading.Event()
+
     def loop_thread():
         global LOOP
         LOOP = asyncio.new_event_loop()
+        ready.set()
         LOOP.run_forever()
 
-    thread = threading.Thread(
-        target=loop_thread,
-        name='asyncio_loop',
-        daemon=True,
-    )
-    thread.start()
+    threading.Thread(target=loop_thread, name="asyncio_loop", daemon=True).start()
+    ready.wait()
 
 
 init()
diff --git a/searx/network/network.py b/searx/network/network.py
index eb53afb7f..42828ce41 100644
--- a/searx/network/network.py
+++ b/searx/network/network.py
@@ -13,11 +13,16 @@ import asyncio
 import ipaddress
 from itertools import cycle
 
-import httpx
+from curl_cffi import CurlHttpVersion
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError as CurlConnectionError,
+    ProxyError,
+    RequestException,
+)
 
 from searx import logger, sxng_debug
 from searx.extended_types import SXNG_Response
-from .client import new_client, get_loop, AsyncHTTPTransportNoHttp
+from .client import DEFAULT_IMPERSONATE, AsyncClient, new_client, get_loop
 from .raise_for_httperror import raise_for_httperror
 
 
@@ -48,9 +53,8 @@ class Network:
         'enable_http',
         'verify',
         'enable_http2',
+        'enable_http3',
         'max_connections',
-        'max_keepalive_connections',
-        'keepalive_expiry',
         'local_addresses',
         'proxies',
         'using_tor_proxy',
@@ -64,6 +68,7 @@ class Network:
     )
 
     _TOR_CHECK_RESULT = {}
+    _CLIENT_KWARGS = ('verify', 'max_redirects', 'impersonate', 'curl_options', 'enable_http3')
 
     def __init__(
         # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
@@ -71,9 +76,8 @@ class Network:
         enable_http: bool = True,
         verify: bool = True,
         enable_http2: bool = False,
+        enable_http3: bool = False,
         max_connections: int = None,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
-        max_keepalive_connections: int = None,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
-        keepalive_expiry: float = None,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
         proxies: str | dict[str, str] | None = None,
         using_tor_proxy: bool = False,
         local_addresses: str | list[str] | None = None,
@@ -86,9 +90,8 @@ class Network:
         self.enable_http = enable_http
         self.verify = verify
         self.enable_http2 = enable_http2
+        self.enable_http3 = enable_http3
         self.max_connections = max_connections
-        self.max_keepalive_connections = max_keepalive_connections
-        self.keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
         self.proxies = proxies
         self.using_tor_proxy = using_tor_proxy
         self.local_addresses = local_addresses
@@ -137,7 +140,6 @@ class Network:
     def iter_proxies(self) -> Generator[tuple[str, list[str]]]:
         if not self.proxies:
             return
-        # https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/#proxy-keys
         if isinstance(self.proxies, str):
             yield 'all://', [self.proxies]
         else:
@@ -155,62 +157,73 @@ class Network:
             # pylint: disable=stop-iteration-return
             yield tuple((pattern, next(proxy_url_cycle)) for pattern, proxy_url_cycle in proxy_settings.items())
 
-    async def log_response(self, response: httpx.Response):
+    _HTTP_VERSION = {
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V1_0): "HTTP/1.0",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V1_1): "HTTP/1.1",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V2_0): "HTTP/2",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V2TLS): "HTTP/2",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V2_PRIOR_KNOWLEDGE): "HTTP/2",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V3): "HTTP/3",
+        int(CurlHttpVersion.V3ONLY): "HTTP/3",
+    }
+
+    async def log_response(self, response: SXNG_Response):
         request = response.request
-        status = f"{response.status_code} {response.reason_phrase}"
-        response_line = f"{response.http_version} {status}"
+        http_version = self._HTTP_VERSION.get(response.http_version, str(response.http_version))
+        status = f"{response.status_code} {response.reason}"
+        response_line = f"{http_version} {status}"
         content_type = response.headers.get("Content-Type")
         content_type = f' ({content_type})' if content_type else ''
-        self._logger.debug(f'HTTP Request: {request.method} {request.url} "{response_line}"{content_type}')
+        method = request.method if request else "?"
+        url = request.url if request else response.url
+        self._logger.debug(f'HTTP Request: {method} {url} "{response_line}"{content_type}')
 
     @staticmethod
-    async def check_tor_proxy(client: httpx.AsyncClient, proxies) -> bool:
+    async def check_tor_proxy(client: AsyncClient, proxies) -> bool:
         if proxies in Network._TOR_CHECK_RESULT:
             return Network._TOR_CHECK_RESULT[proxies]
 
-        result = True
-        # ignore client._transport because it is not used with all://
-        for transport in client._mounts.values():  # pylint: disable=protected-access
-            if isinstance(transport, AsyncHTTPTransportNoHttp):
-                continue
-            if getattr(transport, "_pool") and getattr(
-                # pylint: disable=protected-access
-                transport._pool,  # type: ignore
-                "_rdns",
-                False,
-            ):
-                continue
+        if not proxies or not all(url.startswith('socks5h://') for _, url in proxies):
+            Network._TOR_CHECK_RESULT[proxies] = False
             return False
+
         response = await client.get("https://check.torproject.org/api/ip", timeout=60)
-        if not response.json()["IsTor"]:
-            result = False
+        result = bool(response.json()["IsTor"])
         Network._TOR_CHECK_RESULT[proxies] = result
         return result
 
-    async def get_client(self, verify: bool | None = None, max_redirects: int | None = None) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+    async def get_client(
+        self,
+        verify: bool | None = None,
+        max_redirects: int | None = None,
+        impersonate: str | None = None,
+        curl_options: dict[int, t.Any] | None = None,
+        enable_http3: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncClient:
         verify = self.verify if verify is None else verify
         max_redirects = self.max_redirects if max_redirects is None else max_redirects
+        impersonate = impersonate or DEFAULT_IMPERSONATE
+        enable_http3 = self.enable_http3 if enable_http3 is None else enable_http3
         local_address = next(self._local_addresses_cycle)
         proxies = next(self._proxies_cycle)  # is a tuple so it can be part of the key
-        key = (verify, max_redirects, local_address, proxies)
-        hook_log_response = self.log_response if sxng_debug else None
+        curl_key = tuple(sorted((int(k), v) for k, v in (curl_options or {}).items()))
+        key = (verify, max_redirects, local_address, proxies, impersonate, curl_key, enable_http3)
         if key not in self._clients or self._clients[key].is_closed:
             client = new_client(
                 self.enable_http,
                 verify,
                 self.enable_http2,
+                enable_http3,
                 self.max_connections,
-                self.max_keepalive_connections,
-                self.keepalive_expiry,
                 dict(proxies),
                 local_address,
-                0,
                 max_redirects,
-                hook_log_response,
+                impersonate=impersonate,
+                curl_options=curl_options,
             )
             if self.using_tor_proxy and not await self.check_tor_proxy(client, proxies):
                 await client.aclose()
-                raise httpx.ProxyError('Network configuration problem: not using Tor')
+                raise ProxyError('Network configuration problem: not using Tor')
             self._clients[key] = client
         return self._clients[key]
 
@@ -218,22 +231,14 @@ class Network:
         async def close_client(client):
             try:
                 await client.aclose()
-            except httpx.HTTPError:
+            except RequestException:
                 pass
 
         await asyncio.gather(*[close_client(client) for client in self._clients.values()], return_exceptions=False)
 
     @staticmethod
     def extract_kwargs_clients(kwargs: dict[str, t.Any]) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
-        kwargs_clients: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
-        if 'verify' in kwargs:
-            kwargs_clients['verify'] = kwargs.pop('verify')
-        if 'max_redirects' in kwargs:
-            kwargs_clients['max_redirects'] = kwargs.pop('max_redirects')
-        if 'allow_redirects' in kwargs:
-            # see https://github.com/encode/httpx/pull/1808
-            kwargs['follow_redirects'] = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects')
-        return kwargs_clients
+        return {key: kwargs.pop(key) for key in Network._CLIENT_KWARGS if key in kwargs}
 
     @staticmethod
     def extract_do_raise_for_httperror(kwargs: dict[str, t.Any]):
@@ -243,23 +248,18 @@ class Network:
             del kwargs['raise_for_httperror']
         return do_raise_for_httperror
 
-    def patch_response(self, response: httpx.Response, do_raise_for_httperror: bool) -> SXNG_Response:
-        if isinstance(response, httpx.Response):
-            response = t.cast(SXNG_Response, response)
-            # requests compatibility (response is not streamed)
-            # see also https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/#checking-for-4xx5xx-responses
-            response.ok = not response.is_error
-
-            # raise an exception
-            if do_raise_for_httperror:
-                try:
-                    raise_for_httperror(response)
-                except:
-                    self._logger.warning(f"HTTP Request failed: {response.request.method} {response.request.url}")
-                    raise
+    def patch_response(self, response: SXNG_Response, do_raise_for_httperror: bool) -> SXNG_Response:
+        if do_raise_for_httperror:
+            try:
+                raise_for_httperror(response)
+            except:
+                method = response.request.method if response.request else "?"
+                url = response.request.url if response.request else response.url
+                self._logger.warning(f"HTTP Request failed: {method} {url}")
+                raise
         return response
 
-    def is_valid_response(self, response: httpx.Response):
+    def is_valid_response(self, response: SXNG_Response):
         # pylint: disable=too-many-boolean-expressions
         if (
             (self.retry_on_http_error is True and 400 <= response.status_code <= 599)
@@ -276,26 +276,29 @@ class Network:
         kwargs_clients = Network.extract_kwargs_clients(kwargs)
         while retries >= 0:  # pragma: no cover
             client = await self.get_client(**kwargs_clients)
-            cookies = kwargs.pop("cookies", None)
-            client.cookies = httpx.Cookies(cookies)
             try:
+                method = method.upper()
+                client.check_url(url)
                 if stream:
                     return client.stream(method, url, **kwargs)
 
                 response = await client.request(method, url, **kwargs)
+                if sxng_debug:
+                    await self.log_response(response)
                 if self.is_valid_response(response) or retries <= 0:
                     return self.patch_response(response, do_raise_for_httperror)
-            except httpx.RemoteProtocolError as e:
+                await client.aclose()
+            except CurlConnectionError as e:
                 if not was_disconnected:
                     # the server has closed the connection:
                     # try again without decreasing the retries variable & with a new HTTP client
                     was_disconnected = True
                     await client.aclose()
-                    self._logger.warning('httpx.RemoteProtocolError: the server has disconnected, retrying')
+                    self._logger.warning('ConnectionError: the server has disconnected, retrying')
                     continue
                 if retries <= 0:
                     raise e
-            except (httpx.RequestError, httpx.HTTPStatusError) as e:
+            except RequestException as e:
                 if retries <= 0:
                     raise e
             retries -= 1
@@ -346,15 +349,12 @@ def initialize(
     settings_engines = settings_engines or settings['engines']
     settings_outgoing = settings_outgoing or settings['outgoing']
 
-    # default parameters for AsyncHTTPTransport
-    # see https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/e05a5372eb6172287458b37447c30f650047e1b8/httpx/_transports/default.py#L108-L121  # pylint: disable=line-too-long
     default_params: dict[str, t.Any] = {
         'enable_http': False,
         'verify': settings_outgoing['verify'],
         'enable_http2': settings_outgoing['enable_http2'],
+        'enable_http3': False,
         'max_connections': settings_outgoing['pool_connections'],
-        'max_keepalive_connections': settings_outgoing['pool_maxsize'],
-        'keepalive_expiry': settings_outgoing['keepalive_expiry'],
         'local_addresses': settings_outgoing['source_ips'],
         'using_tor_proxy': settings_outgoing['using_tor_proxy'],
         'proxies': settings_outgoing['proxies'],
@@ -424,9 +424,6 @@ def initialize(
 def done():
     """Close all HTTP client
 
-    Avoid a warning at exit
-    See https://github.com/encode/httpx/pull/2026
-
     Note: since Network.aclose has to be async, it is not possible to call this method on Network.__del__
     So Network.aclose is called here using atexit.register
     """
diff --git a/searx/network/raise_for_httperror.py b/searx/network/raise_for_httperror.py
index d50e650e2..f4f409c99 100644
--- a/searx/network/raise_for_httperror.py
+++ b/searx/network/raise_for_httperror.py
@@ -59,13 +59,10 @@ def raise_for_captcha(resp: "SXNG_Response"):
 
 
 def raise_for_httperror(resp: "SXNG_Response") -> None:
-    """Raise exception for an HTTP response is an error.
-
-    Args:
-        resp (requests.Response): Response to check
+    """Raise an exception if the HTTP response is an error.
 
     Raises:
-        requests.HTTPError: raise by resp.raise_for_status()
+        curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.HTTPError: raised by resp.raise_for_status()
         searx.exceptions.SearxEngineAccessDeniedException: raise when the HTTP status code is 402 or 403.
         searx.exceptions.SearxEngineTooManyRequestsException: raise when the HTTP status code is 429.
         searx.exceptions.SearxEngineCaptchaException: raise when if CATPCHA challenge is detected.
diff --git a/searx/plugins/tor_check.py b/searx/plugins/tor_check.py
index a3d6e17a7..5645179b7 100644
--- a/searx/plugins/tor_check.py
+++ b/searx/plugins/tor_check.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import typing
 
 import re
 from flask_babel import gettext
-from httpx import HTTPError
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
 
 from searx.network import get
 from searx.plugins import Plugin, PluginInfo
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class SXNGPlugin(Plugin):
                 resp = get(url_exit_list)
                 node_list = re.findall(reg, resp.text)  # type: ignore
 
-            except HTTPError:
+            except RequestException:
                 # No answer, return error
                 msg = gettext("Could not download the list of Tor exit-nodes from")
                 results.add(results.types.Answer(answer=f"{msg} {url_exit_list}"))
diff --git a/searx/search/processors/online.py b/searx/search/processors/online.py
index 7d7b5f34b..1fe4721c3 100644
--- a/searx/search/processors/online.py
+++ b/searx/search/processors/online.py
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ import typing as t
 from timeit import default_timer
 import asyncio
 import ssl
-import httpx
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException, Timeout
 
 import searx.network
-from searx.utils import gen_useragent
 from searx.exceptions import (
     SearxEngineAccessDeniedException,
     SearxEngineCaptchaException,
@@ -39,21 +38,21 @@ class HTTPParams(t.TypedDict):
     """Sending `form encoded data`_.
 
     .. _form encoded data:
-       https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/#sending-form-encoded-data
+       https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quick_start.html#form-submit
     """
 
     json: dict[str, t.Any]
     """`Sending `JSON encoded data`_.
 
     .. _JSON encoded data:
-       https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/#sending-json-encoded-data
+       https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quick_start.html#posting-json
     """
 
     content: bytes
     """`Sending `binary request data`_.
 
     .. _binary request data:
-       https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/#sending-json-encoded-data
+       https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quick_start.html#binary-data
     """
 
     url: str | None
@@ -71,13 +70,13 @@ class HTTPParams(t.TypedDict):
     soft_max_redirects: int
     """Maximum redirects, soft limit. Record an error but don't stop the engine."""
 
-    verify: None | t.Literal[False] | str  # not sure str really works
+    verify: None | t.Literal[False] | str
     """If not ``None``, it overrides the verify value defined in the network.  Use
     ``False`` to accept any server certificate and use a path to file to specify a
     server certificate"""
 
-    auth: str | None
-    """An authentication to use when sending requests."""
+    auth: tuple[str, str] | None
+    """Basic auth credentials ``(username, password)``."""
 
     raise_for_httperror: bool
     """Raise an exception if the `HTTP response status code`_ is ``>= 300``.
@@ -86,6 +85,12 @@ class HTTPParams(t.TypedDict):
         https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Status
     """
 
+    impersonate: t.NotRequired[str]
+    """curl_cffi impersonate target. Default: ``chrome``."""
+
+    curl_options: t.NotRequired[dict[int, t.Any]]
+    """Any extra libcurl options for the request."""
+
 
 class OnlineParams(HTTPParams, RequestParams):
     """Request parameters of a ``online`` engine."""
@@ -141,13 +146,6 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
         params: OnlineParams = {**default_request_params(), **base_params}
 
         headers = params["headers"]
-        headers["Accept-Encoding"] = "gzip, deflate"
-        headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-        headers["DNT"] = "1"
-        headers["Connection"] = "keep-alive"
-
-        # add an user agent
-        headers["User-Agent"] = gen_useragent()
 
         # add Accept-Language header
         # https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Accept-Language
@@ -171,6 +169,9 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
             "cookies": params["cookies"],
             "auth": params["auth"],
         }
+        for key in ("curl_options", "impersonate"):
+            if params.get(key):
+                request_args[key] = params[key]
 
         verify = params.get("verify")
         if verify is not None:
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
             # unexpected redirect : record an error
             # but the engine might still return valid results.
             status_code = str(response.status_code or "")
-            reason = response.reason_phrase or ""
+            reason = response.reason or ""
             hostname = response.url.host
             count_error(
                 self.engine.name,
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
             # requests timeout (connect or read)
             self.handle_exception(result_container, e, suspend=True)
             self.logger.debug("SSLError {}, verify={}".format(e, searx.network.get_network(self.engine.name).verify))
-        except (httpx.TimeoutException, asyncio.TimeoutError) as e:
+        except (Timeout, asyncio.TimeoutError) as e:
             # requests timeout (connect or read)
             self.handle_exception(result_container, e, suspend=True)
             self.logger.debug(
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ class OnlineProcessor(EngineProcessor):
                     default_timer() - start_time, timeout_limit, e.__class__.__name__
                 )
             )
-        except (httpx.HTTPError, httpx.StreamError) as e:
+        except RequestException as e:
             # other requests exception
             self.handle_exception(result_container, e, suspend=True)
             self.logger.debug(
diff --git a/searx/settings.yml b/searx/settings.yml
index 4d370e575..ae4d5dd9d 100644
--- a/searx/settings.yml
+++ b/searx/settings.yml
@@ -183,20 +183,13 @@ outgoing:
   useragent_suffix: ""
   # The maximum number of concurrent connections that may be established.
   pool_connections: 100
-  # Allow the connection pool to maintain keep-alive connections below this
-  # point.
-  pool_maxsize: 20
-  # See https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/
+  # Enables the use of HTTP2
   enable_http2: true
   # uncomment below section if you want to use a custom server certificate
-  # see https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#changing-the-verification-defaults
-  # and https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/#ssl-configuration
+  # see https://curl-cffi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quick_start.html
   #  verify: ~/.mitmproxy/mitmproxy-ca-cert.cer
   #
-  # uncomment below section if you want to use a proxyq see: SOCKS proxies
-  #   https://2.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#proxies
-  # are also supported: see
-  #   https://2.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#socks
+  # uncomment below section if you want to use a proxy
   #
   #  proxies:
   #    all://:
diff --git a/searx/settings_defaults.py b/searx/settings_defaults.py
index 5fed08b68..cdc30c54d 100644
--- a/searx/settings_defaults.py
+++ b/searx/settings_defaults.py
@@ -253,8 +253,6 @@ SCHEMA: dict[str, t.Any] = {
         'verify': SettingsValue((bool, str), True),
         'max_request_timeout': SettingsValue((None, numbers.Real), None),
         'pool_connections': SettingsValue(int, 100),
-        'pool_maxsize': SettingsValue(int, 10),
-        'keepalive_expiry': SettingsValue(numbers.Real, 5.0),
         # default maximum redirect
         # from https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/8c211a96cdbe9fe320d63d9e1ae15c5c07e179f8/requests/models.py#L55
         'max_redirects': SettingsValue(int, 30),
diff --git a/searx/webapp.py b/searx/webapp.py
index b59bcdc7e..8be325230 100755
--- a/searx/webapp.py
+++ b/searx/webapp.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import urllib.parse
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, unquote
 
 import warnings
-import httpx
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
 
 from pygments import highlight
 from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ def image_proxy():
             return '', 400
 
         forward_resp = True
-    except httpx.HTTPError:
+    except RequestException:
         logger.exception('HTTP error')
         return '', 400
     finally:
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ def image_proxy():
             # we make sure to close the response between searxng and the HTTP server
             try:
                 resp.close()
-            except httpx.HTTPError:
+            except RequestException:
                 logger.exception('HTTP error on closing')
 
     def close_stream():
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ def image_proxy():
                 resp.close()
             del resp
             del stream
-        except httpx.HTTPError as e:
+        except RequestException as e:
             logger.debug('Exception while closing response', e)
 
     try:
@@ -1054,7 +1054,7 @@ def image_proxy():
         response = Response(stream, mimetype=resp.headers['Content-Type'], headers=headers, direct_passthrough=True)
         response.call_on_close(close_stream)
         return response
-    except httpx.HTTPError:
+    except RequestException:
         close_stream()
         return '', 400
 
diff --git a/searx/webutils.py b/searx/webutils.py
index 9c3e8a0c9..43d42bf83 100644
--- a/searx/webutils.py
+++ b/searx/webutils.py
@@ -42,18 +42,17 @@ exception_classname_to_text = {
     None: gettext('unexpected crash'),
     'timeout': timeout_text,
     'asyncio.TimeoutError': timeout_text,
-    'httpx.TimeoutException': timeout_text,
-    'httpx.ConnectTimeout': timeout_text,
-    'httpx.ReadTimeout': timeout_text,
-    'httpx.WriteTimeout': timeout_text,
-    'httpx.HTTPStatusError': gettext('HTTP error'),
-    'httpx.ConnectError': gettext("HTTP connection error"),
-    'httpx.RemoteProtocolError': http_protocol_error_text,
-    'httpx.LocalProtocolError': http_protocol_error_text,
-    'httpx.ProtocolError': http_protocol_error_text,
-    'httpx.ReadError': network_error_text,
-    'httpx.WriteError': network_error_text,
-    'httpx.ProxyError': gettext("proxy error"),
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.Timeout': timeout_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout': timeout_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout': timeout_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.HTTPError': gettext('HTTP error'),
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.ConnectionError': gettext("HTTP connection error"),
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.DNSError': gettext("HTTP connection error"),
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.IncompleteRead': http_protocol_error_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.SSLError': ssl_cert_error_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.CertificateVerifyError': ssl_cert_error_text,
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.ProxyError': gettext("proxy error"),
+    'curl_cffi.requests.exceptions.RequestException': network_error_text,
     'searx.exceptions.SearxEngineCaptchaException': gettext("CAPTCHA"),
     'searx.exceptions.SearxEngineTooManyRequestsException': gettext("too many requests"),
     'searx.exceptions.SearxEngineAccessDeniedException': gettext("access denied"),
diff --git a/tests/unit/network/test_network.py b/tests/unit/network/test_network.py
index 46dc62ad9..892751960 100644
--- a/tests/unit/network/test_network.py
+++ b/tests/unit/network/test_network.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # pylint: disable=missing-module-docstring,disable=missing-class-docstring,invalid-name
 
-import httpx
-from mock import patch
+from curl_cffi.requests.exceptions import RequestException
+from mock import Mock, patch
 
+from searx.network.client import AsyncClient
 from searx.network.network import Network, NETWORKS
 from tests import SearxTestCase
 
@@ -83,11 +84,16 @@ class TestNetwork(SearxTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(kwargs), 2)
 
         self.assertEqual(kwargs['timeout'], 2)
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['follow_redirects'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs['allow_redirects'], True)
 
         self.assertTrue(kwargs_client['verify'])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs_client['max_redirects'], 5)
 
+        kwargs = {'impersonate': 'chrome99_android', 'curl_options': {1: 'x'}, 'timeout': 1}
+        kwargs_client = Network.extract_kwargs_clients(kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs_client, {'impersonate': 'chrome99_android', 'curl_options': {1: 'x'}})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'timeout': 1})
+
     async def test_get_client(self):
         network = Network(verify=True)
         client1 = await network.get_client()
@@ -103,6 +109,9 @@ class TestNetwork(SearxTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(client1, client5)
         self.assertEqual(client3, client6)
 
+        client7 = await network.get_client(impersonate="chrome99_android", enable_http3=True)
+        self.assertNotEqual(client1, client7)
+
         await network.aclose()
 
     async def test_aclose(self):
@@ -112,8 +121,8 @@ class TestNetwork(SearxTestCase):
 
     async def test_request(self):
         a_text = 'Lorem Ipsum'
-        response = httpx.Response(status_code=200, text=a_text)
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', return_value=response):
+        response = Mock(status_code=200, text=a_text)
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', return_value=response):
             network = Network(enable_http=True)
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/')
             self.assertEqual(response.text, a_text)
@@ -135,34 +144,34 @@ class TestNetworkRequestRetries(SearxTestCase):
             nonlocal first
             if first:
                 first = False
-                return httpx.Response(status_code=403, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
-            return httpx.Response(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
+                return Mock(status_code=403, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
+            return Mock(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
 
         return get_response
 
     async def test_retries_ok(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=1, retry_on_http_error=403)
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.text, TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
             await network.aclose()
 
     async def test_retries_fail_int(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0, retry_on_http_error=403)
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
             await network.aclose()
 
     async def test_retries_fail_list(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0, retry_on_http_error=[403, 429])
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
             await network.aclose()
 
     async def test_retries_fail_bool(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=TestNetworkRequestRetries.get_response_404_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0, retry_on_http_error=True)
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
@@ -175,10 +184,10 @@ class TestNetworkRequestRetries(SearxTestCase):
             nonlocal request_count
             request_count += 1
             if request_count < 3:
-                raise httpx.RequestError('fake exception', request=None)
-            return httpx.Response(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
+                raise RequestException('fake exception')
+            return Mock(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
 
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=get_response):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=get_response):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=2)
             response = await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -187,11 +196,11 @@ class TestNetworkRequestRetries(SearxTestCase):
 
     async def test_retries_exception(self):
         async def get_response(*args, **kwargs):
-            raise httpx.RequestError('fake exception', request=None)
+            raise RequestException('fake exception')
 
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'request', new=get_response):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'request', new=get_response):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0)
-            with self.assertRaises(httpx.RequestError):
+            with self.assertRaises(RequestException):
                 await network.request('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             await network.aclose()
 
@@ -211,22 +220,22 @@ class TestNetworkStreamRetries(SearxTestCase):
             nonlocal first
             if first:
                 first = False
-                raise httpx.RequestError('fake exception', request=None)
-            return httpx.Response(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkStreamRetries.TEXT)
+                raise RequestException('fake exception')
+            return Mock(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkStreamRetries.TEXT)
 
         return stream
 
     async def test_retries_ok(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'stream', new=TestNetworkStreamRetries.get_response_exception_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'stream', new=TestNetworkStreamRetries.get_response_exception_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=1, retry_on_http_error=403)
             response = await network.stream('GET', 'https://example.com/')
             self.assertEqual(response.text, TestNetworkStreamRetries.TEXT)
             await network.aclose()
 
     async def test_retries_fail(self):
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'stream', new=TestNetworkStreamRetries.get_response_exception_then_200()):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'stream', new=TestNetworkStreamRetries.get_response_exception_then_200()):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0, retry_on_http_error=403)
-            with self.assertRaises(httpx.RequestError):
+            with self.assertRaises(RequestException):
                 await network.stream('GET', 'https://example.com/')
             await network.aclose()
 
@@ -237,10 +246,10 @@ class TestNetworkStreamRetries(SearxTestCase):
             nonlocal first
             if first:
                 first = False
-                return httpx.Response(status_code=403, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
-            return httpx.Response(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
+                return Mock(status_code=403, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
+            return Mock(status_code=200, text=TestNetworkRequestRetries.TEXT)
 
-        with patch.object(httpx.AsyncClient, 'stream', new=stream):
+        with patch.object(AsyncClient, 'stream', new=stream):
             network = Network(enable_http=True, retries=0, retry_on_http_error=403)
             response = await network.stream('GET', 'https://example.com/', raise_for_httperror=False)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
diff --git a/tests/unit/processors/test_online.py b/tests/unit/processors/test_online.py
index b8758083b..01fee8e7e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/processors/test_online.py
+++ b/tests/unit/processors/test_online.py
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ class TestOnlineProcessor(SearxTestCase):
         online_processor = online.OnlineProcessor(engine)
         search_query = SearchQuery('test', [EngineRef(TEST_ENGINE_NAME, 'general')], 'all', 0, 1, None, None, None)
         params = self._get_params(online_processor, search_query, 'general')
-        self.assertIn('User-Agent', params['headers'])
+        self.assertNotIn('User-Agent', params['headers'])